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Cankerworms are caterpillars of several North American moths that have wingless females. Cankerworms feed on the buds and leaves of trees in early spring and can be a major pest.
Chinch bugs are small black and white insects that live in thatch and damage turf by sucking the sap and injecting toxic saliva. Adults are about 1/5 long. Newly hatched, immature nymphs appear bright red with a white band across the back.
Chlorosis is the result of a lack of chlorophyll production that may be caused by many conditions such as another disease, soil/water pH or nutritional imbalance, or tree wounds.
Conifer bark beetles are beetles (of varying species) that tunnel just beneath the bark of conifer trees. Bark beetles account for over 90% of insect-related timber losses in the United States.
The plant pathogenic fungus Leucostoma kunzei (formerly Valsa kunzei) is the causal agent of cytospora canker, a disease of some conifers found in the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly on Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens).